XINJIANG HUMAN RIGHT VIOLATION AND RADICALISM ISSUES : A DEVELOPMENT INEQUALITY FRAMING
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33822/mjihi.v2i1.918Kata Kunci:
Xinjiang Human Right Violation, Development Inequality, Geopolitic, RadicalismAbstrak
This Article aiming to discuss about recent Human Right Situation of Uyghur People in Xinjiang Province and the logic of powerful and structural effort by Beijing’s Authority to push “De-Extrimification” through “Strike Hard” program. A situation where, non-Chinese societies being forced to conform to Chinese culture, particularly that of the ethnic Han majority. The policies, politically seems like a will to annihilate identity of a society to determine their destiny, and to re-establish themselves in future generations. This writing also eager to examine, what was the driving factor the radicalism acts which has been occur in Xinjiang since over centuries, that this Radicalis has dragging the Chinese government to put the Policies on stage and seems not going to be downwarded. Using, Descriptive Analityc methods, this article analize the Uyghur and Xinjiang situation with geo-politic, development inequality and human security concepts.
Referensi
America's Climate Choices: Panel on Advancing the Science of Climate Change, National Research Council (2010). ""Chapter 16. National and Human Security".". Advancing the Science of Climate Change. Washington, DC: The National AcademiesPress.p. 389. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
Alles, Elisabeth. Et al. 2003. Chinese Islam :Unity and Fragmentation. Religion, State & Society Volume 31 No 1. P.7-35
Amelia, F. 2013. Etnisitas Dan Politik Luar Negeri: Respon Turki Terhadap Penindasan Etnis Uyghur Di XinjiagG. Journal Analisis Hubungan Internasional, Universitas Airlangga. Vol.2/No.3. P. 295-317
Becquelin, N. (2000). Xinjiang in the Nineties. No.44, July. The China Journal. P. 65-90
Beech, Hannah. 2014. If China Is Anti-Islam, Why Are These Chinese Muslims Enjoying a Faith Revival. Time News Report. URL :
http://time.com/3099950/china-muslim-hui-xinjiang-uighur-islam/. Last Access 14 February 14th 2019
Besley, Timothy and Persson, Torsten. 2009. The origins of state capacity: property rights, taxation and politics. American economic review, 99 (4). pp. 1218-1244.
Bjorgo, Torre. 2005. Root Causes of Terroris : Myths, reality and ways forward. New York : Routledge.
Blacksell, Mark(2006), Political Geography, Routledge: London
Boehm, D Carver. 2009. China's Failed War on Terror: Fanning the Flames of Uighur Separatist Violence. Volume 2 Berkeley J. Middle E. & Islamic Law. Volume 2 Article 3. Berkeley : UC press. P. 70-75
Bovingdon, Gardner. 2010. The Uyghurs: Strangers in Their Own Land. New York: Columbia University Press.
Cao, Huhua. 2010. Urban–Rural Income Disparity and Urbanization: What Is the Role of Spatial Distribution of Ethnic Groups? A Case Study of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in Western China. Regional Studies 44 (8): 965–82.
CERD Report. 2018. Parallel Submission to the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) for the People’s Republic of China (PRC) 96th Session, 6–30 August 2018. World Uyghur Congress [Online]- URL : https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CERD/Shared%20Documents/CHN/INT_CER D_NGO_CHN_31745_E.pdf.
Clarke, Michael. 2007. China’s “war on terror” in xinjiang: human security and the causes of violent uighur separatism. Regional Outlook Paper, No. 11, 2007 Griffith Asia Institute.
Clarke, Michael. 2008. China’s Integration of Xinjiang With Central Asia, Securing “A Silk Road” To Great Power StatuS?. China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, Volume 6, No2. Central Asia
Caucasus Institue & Silk Road Program.
Clarke, Michael, 2010. China, Xinjiang and The Internasionalization Of The Uyghur Issue. Global Change Peace & Security Volume 22. Issue 2. Griffith Asia Intitute. P. 213-229.
Clarke, Michael E. 2011. Xinjiang and China's Rise in Central Asia - A History. Retrieved 10 March 2014. P. 90-111
CNPC. 2014. Location Of Oil Reserve In China [Zhongguo Shiyou Fenbu]. URL : http://www.cnpc.com.cn/News/zzxw/sybk/syzs/sysh/201310/20131011_C191.shtl?COLLCC=7320640&COLLCC=2517866373&. Last Acces February, 15th 2019.
Dillon, Michael. 1997. Ethnic, Religious and Political Conflict on China’s Northwestern Borders : The Background to The Violence in Xinjiang. IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin. Volume 5, Number 1, (Spring): 80-86
Drazen, A. (2000), Political Economy in Macroeconomics. Princeton: Princeton University Press
Dwyer, Arienne. 2005. Policy Studies : The Xinjiang Conflict “ Uyghur Identity, Language Policy, and Political Discourse. Washington : East West Center.
Graham, E. Fuller, and Frederick Star. 2016. The Xinjiang Problem. Baltimore : Central Asia-Caucasus Institute. Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies.
Harris, Lilian Craig. 1993. Xinjiang, Central Asia and the Implications for China's Policy in the Islamic World. The China Quarterly, Vol. 133. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
Hasan, Nader. 2000. China's Forgotten Dissenters: The Long Fuse of Xinjiang, Harvard International Review. Fall 2000, 22 (3) 41.
Hughes, Roland. 2018. China Uighurs: All you need to know on Muslim 'crackdown'. BBC Report November 8th 2018. URL : https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-45474279. Last Acces : February 12th 2019
Human Right Watch Report. 2018. Eradicating Ideological Virus. Chin’s Campaign of Repression Against Xinjiang’s Mulims. September 2018. URL : https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/china0918_web.pdf. Last Acces 17th February 2019
Lee, R. 2014. Unrest in Xinjiang, Uyghur Province in China Report. Aljazeera Center for Studies. URL :http://studies.aljazeera.net/mritems/Documents/2014/2/20/2014220921643580Province%20in%20China.pdf. Last Acces : February, 16th 2019.
Liu, Ami et Kevin Peters. 2017. The Hanification of Xinjiang, China: The Economic Effects of the Great Leap West. Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism, Vol.17 No.2. Texas : University of Texas Press. P. 265-280
Long, Q. 2014. China Clamps Down on 'Underage Religion' Among Muslim Uyghurs. Radio Free Asia Uyghur Service. URL : https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/underage10302014120731.html. Last Acces date February 13th 2019.
Meixler, E. 2018. 'I Begged Them to Kill Me.' Uighur Woman Tells Congress of Torture in Chinese Internment Camps. Times, News Report November 30th 2018. URL : http://time.com/5467628/china-uighur-congress-torture/. Last Acces February 21th 2019.
Millward, James A, 2007. Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang. New York: Columbia UP. Print.
Strategy in Central Asia. Griffith Asia Institute. URL: http://www.gu.edu.au/centre/asiainstitute/pdf/ChinaPost911.pdf.
O’Brien, David. 2011. ‘The Mountains Are High and the Emperor Is Far Away: An Examination of Ethnic Violence in Xinjiang’. International Journal of China Studies 2 (2): 389–405.
PRC Embassy. 2003. History and development of Xinjiang. White Paper.
Sam, J. Busumtwi. 2002. Development and Human Security : Whose Security, and From What?. International Journal Vol. 57, No. 2 (Spring, 2002). Sage Publication. pp. 253-272/
Schmitz, Rob. 2018. Ex- Detainee Describes Torture in China’s Xinjiang Re-Education Camp. News Report on NPR november 13th 2018. URL :https://www.npr.org/2018/11/13/666287509/ex-detainee-describes-torture-in-chinas xinjiang-re-education-camp. Last Acces on February 21th 2019.
Sheives, Kevin. 2006. ‘China Turns West: Beijing’s Contemporary Strategy Towards Central Asia’. Pacific Affairs 79 (2): 205–24.
Steinhauer, I. 2017. International Social Support and Intervention : The Uyghur Movement-Xinjiang Province, China. Undergraduate Honors Thesis. University of Colorado Boulder.
Stern. J. 2004. Holy Avengers. News Article on Financial Times, 12 June 2014. [online]-https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/holy-avengers.
Stern, J. 2003. Terror in the Name of God: Why Religious Militants Kill. New York: HarperCollins.
Swennen. Rudy (ed.). 2017. China Gas Development Strategis Advances in Oil and Gas Exploration &Production. Cham : Springer Nature.
Tadjbakhsh & Chenoy, Human Security: Concepts and implications , London: Routledge, 2006
Tschantret, Joshua. 2016. Repression, opportunity, and innovation: The evolution of terrorism in Xinjiang, China. Journal Center Asian Survey. Volume 30 Nomor 4. P. 569-588.
Tukmadiyeva, Malika. 2013. quarterly Journal, Summer. [online]-http://dss.gov.cn/Article_Print.asp?ArticleID=244017. P.87 -107.
Turkel, Nury. 2018. Hearing China’s Repression And Internment Of Uyghurs: U.S. Policy Responses. Uyghur Human Rights Project House Committee on Foreign Affair Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific. URL : https://doc.house.gov/meetings/FA/FA05/20180926/108718/HHRG-115-FA05 Wstate TurkelN-20180926.PDF. Last Acces February 10th 2019.
Tian, Qunjian. 2004. ‘China Develops Its West: Motivation, Strategy and Prospect’. Journal of Contemporary China 13 (41): 611–36.
Tyler, Christian. 2003. Wild West China: The Taming of Xinjiang. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
UHRP Report. 2018. The Mass Internment of Uyghurs :We Want To Be Respected as Humans, Is It Too Much To Ask?. URL : https://docs.uhrp.org/pdf/MassDetention_of_Uyghurs.pdf. Last Acces on February 7th 2019.
Weiwen,Y. 2016. The natural resource curse in Xinjiang. CEU Political Science Journal Volume 10 (1) • January 2016. Budapest : CEU Press. P. 122-140
Wiemer, Calla. 2004. The Economy of Xinjiang’. In Xinjiang: China’s
Muslim Borderland, ed. S. Frederick Starr. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
Xinjiang Statistical Yearbook,2015
Zang, Xiaowei. 2011. Uyghur–Han Earnings Differentials in Ürümchi. The China Journal 65: 141–55.
Zens, Adrian. 2018. New Evidence for China’s Political Re-Education Champaign in Xinjiang. China Brief, Vol. 18 No 10.
Zhao, Huasheng, (ed.). 2007. Central Asia in China’s Diplomacy : The View from Washington, Moscow and Beijing. New York : Routled