Kepentingan Negara-Negara Arab (Uni Emirat Arab, Bahrain, Sudan dan Maroko) Melakukan Normalisasi Hubungan dengan Israel
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33822/mjihi.v4i1.2673Keywords:
Normalization, Israel, Arab States, Palestine, and ASAbstract
Arab states and Israel has for decades had dividing wall for diplomatic relations. The existence of ideological differences between Islam and Judaism as well as a long history of colonialism and conflict makes it difficult to unravel the conflict between of them. However, this seems to change, towards the end of 2020 with the encouragement of Donald Trump as president of the United States. Arab countries seem to forgot the events of the past and break up the wall that previously served as a barrier between them and Israel. The United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Sudan and Morocco has reasons what they thinks are rationality that their initial stance in favor of Palestinian independence seems to be waning. This paper discuss about the interests of the Arab states in the the normalization of their relationship with Israel. The research method in this paper is qualitative method with inductive analysis with the latest data from various document sources as material for analysis. This paper concludes the interests of the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Sudan and Morocco are dominated by security and the economy for their countries.References
Buku
Azyumardi, A. (2002). Konflik Baru Antar Peradaban, Globalisasi, Radikalisme, dan Pluralitas. Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindi Persanda.
Bandoro, B. (1991). Timur Tengah Pasca Perang teluk: Dimensi Internal dan Eksternal. Jakarta: CSIS.
Bixby, A. (1992). Timur Tengah di Tengah Kancah Dunia. Bandung: Sinar Baru Algensindo.
Jatmika, S. (2016). Skripsi : Metodologi dan Romantikanya. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Samudra Biru.
Mochtar, M. (1990). Ilmu Hubungan Internasional:Disiplin dan Metodologi. Yogyakarta: LP3ES.
Morgenthau, H. J. (1985). Politic Among Nation, The Struggle for Power and Peace (Sixth Edition). New York: Knopf:distributed by Random House.
Mas'oed, M. (1998). Persfektif Ekonomi Politik Dalam Studi Hubungan Internasional. Yogyakarta: UGM.
Pavličić, D. (2004). Decision Theory. Ekonomski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu - Centar za izdavačku delatnost.
Jurnal
Abidin, A. S. (2016 ). Sejarah Zionisme dan Berdirinya Negara Israel. Jurnal Adabiyah Vol.16, 172-185.
Akim, F. R. (2018). Klaim Sepihak Donald Trump terhadap Kota Yerusalem sebagai Ibu Kota Israel dalam PerspektifKonstruktivisme. Jurnal Universitas Parahyangan, 20-30.
Armando Christofel Wirajaya, M. G. (2020). Penyelesaian Sengketa Palestina dan Israel Menurut Hukum Internasional (Studi Kasus Perampasan Wilayah Palestina di Israel). Lex Et Societatis Vol. VIII/, 45-52.
Hamidreza Azizi, V. G. (2020). Trump’s “Maximum Treasure” and Anti-Contaiment in Iran Regional Policy . Digest of Middle East Studies, Policy Studies Organization Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc., 1-17.
Kroenig, M. (2018). The Return to The Presurre Track: The Trump Administration and The Iran Nuclear Deal . Diplomacy and Statecraft, 2-11.
Marmor, D. (1963). Israel and the Middle East. The Journal of Educational Sociology , Vol. 36, 377-379.
Masyrofah. (2015). Fakta Perjanjian Damai Hubunga Diplomatik Negara Timur Tengah dalam Proses Perdamaian Konflik Israel-Palestina Pasca Kemerdekaan Palestina. Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum UIN Syarif Hidayatullah , 82-102.
Morris, B. (2014). Reviewed Work(s): Britain's Moment in Palestine: Retrospect and Perspectives,1917–1948 by Michael J. Cohen: The Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936–1939 by Yuval Arnon-Ohana. The Middle East Book Review , Vol. 5, 136-145.
Muhamad, S. V. (2020). Normalisasi Hubungan Uni Emirat Arab-Israel dan Isu Palestina. Kajian Singkat Terhadap Isu Aktual dan Startegis Vol.XII, 7-12.
Printina, B. I. (2019). Analisa Potensi Geografis Timur Tengah Menjadi kekuatan Teritori Melalui Komik Digital Berlandaskan Pedagodi Reflektif. Jurnal Agastya Vol.9, 45-46.
Radovanović, B. S. (2019). Rational Choice Theory And Charitable Giving. Sociološki pregled / Sociological Review, vol. LIII no. 2, , pp. 445–466.
Samarskaia, A. D. (2020). The U.S. – Israel “special relations”: Structural foundations and trump factor. World Economy and International Relations Vol.64 Issues 10, 40-51.
Wibowo, H. (2014). Mandat Liga Bangsa-Bangsa : Kegagalan Palestina Menjadi Negara Merdeka (1920-1948). Al-Turas Vol. XX, No. 2, 279-309.
Wicaksono, R. M. (2020). Analisis Kebijakan Uni Emirat Arab dalam Normalisasi Hubungannya dengan Israel. Jurnal Middle East and Islamic Studies, Volume 7 No. 2, 132-154.
Website
Aini, N. (2020, Oktober 26). Normalisasi Hubungan Sudan-Israel Pecah Negeri 2 Nil. Diakses melalui Republika.co.id: https://republika.co.id/berita/qisp5d382/normalisasi-hubungan-sudanisrael-pecah-negeri-2-nil
Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies. (2016). A Normalization of Sudan-Israel Relations: Why Not? Doha: Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies.
Ayyub, M. L. (2021, Januari 20). Analysis: What will survive of U.S.-Middle East policy under Biden? Diakses melalui Reuters.com: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-legacy-mideast-analysis-idUSKBN29P1RB
Bonasir, R. (2020, September 17). Konflik Timur Tengah: Normalisasi hubungan Israel-negara-negara Teluk menjadi pintu masuk bagi Indonesia. Diakses melalui BBC News: https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia-54177712
Coskun, T. (2020, 2020). The History of the Arab League. Diakses melalui www.unict.it: https://www.google.com/search?safe=strict&client=firefox-b-d&sxsrf=ALeKk00HQuimfrdf88t6Ke0v_1K4Va_fig%3A1612934885456&ei=5W4jYJKoG_KLmgfXuLzwCg&q=Coskun+Tumer+the+history+of+arab+league&oq=Coskun+Tumer+the+history+of+arab+league&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQAzoKCCM
Egypt Today staff. (2017, Desember 10 ). Arab FMs call on UNSC to recognize US decision as contradictory to international law. Diakses melalui Egypt Today: https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/36301/Arab-FMs-call-on-UNSC-to-recognize-US-decision-as
Firmansyah, R. J. (2020, September 15). Bahrain: Normalisasi dengan Israel Lindungi Kepentingan Negara. Diakses melalui Republika.co.id: https://republika.co.id/berita/qgp0x8377/bahrain-normalisasi-dengan-israel-lindungi-kepentingan-nega
Israel Minister of Foreig Affair. (1947-1974). 5 Arab League declaration on the invasion of Palestine- 15 May 1948. Diakses melalui mfa.gov.il: https://mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/mfadocuments/yearbook1/pages/5%20arab%20league%20declaration%20on%20the%20invasion%20of%20pales.aspx
J, A. I. (2020, November 16). Maskapai UEA Etihad Airways Buka Penerbangan Langsung ke Israel Maret 2021. Diakses melalui Inews.id: https://www.inews.id/news/internasional/maskapai-uea-etihad-airways-buka-penerbangan-langsung-ke-israel-maret-2021
Jamil, A. I. (2021, Januari 23). Sehari Sebelum Lengser, Donald Trump Ternyata Lakukan Ini kepada Negara Arab. Diakses melalui Inew.id: https://www.inews.id/news/internasional/sehari-sebelum-lengser-donald-trump-ternyata-lakukan-ini-kepada-negara-arab
Kencana, M. (2020, Desember 12). Iran Sebut Normalisasi Maroko-Israel sebagai Pengkhianatan terhadap Islam. Diakses melalui Kompas.com: https://www.kompas.com/global/read/2020/12/12/222523770/iran-sebut-normalisasi-maroko-israel-sebagai-pengkhianatan-terhadap-islam
Mohammed al-Ragawi, M. A. (2021, Januari 01). How US bribed Arab states to normalize ties with Israel. Diakses melalui AA News Broadcasting System: https://www.aa.com.tr/en/politics/how-us-bribed-arab-states-to-normalize-ties-with-israel/2108054
Nashrullah, N. (2020, November 02). Normalisasi Sudan dan Arab dengan Israel, Nasib Palestina? Diakses melalui Republika.co.id: https://republika.co.id/berita/qj67bw320/normalisasi-sudan-dan-arab-dengan-israel-nasib-palestina
Peter Baker, I. K. (2020, Agustus 13). Israel and United Arab Emirates Strike Major Diplomatic Agreement. Diakses melalui New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/13/us/politics/trump-israel-united-arab-emirates-uae.html
Pristiandaru, D. L. (2020, Desember 23). Damai dengan Maroko, Israel Kirim Delegasi Perdana ke Rabat. Diakses melalui Kompas.com: https://www.kompas.com/global/read/2020/12/23/061643970/damai-dengan-maroko-israel-kirim-delegasi-perdana-ke-rabat?page=all
Ronapea. (2016, November 21). Konsep Kepentingan Nasional dalam Hubungan Internasional. Diakses melalui unair.ac.id: http://ronapea-fisip16.web.unair.ac.id/artikel_detail-165107-JURNAL%2520SOH%2520101-KONSEP%2520KEPENTINGAN%2520NASIONAL%2520DALAM%2520HUBUNGAN%2520INTERNASIONAL.html
S, S. P. (2021, Februari 07). UEA Pangkas Drastis Bantuan ke Palestina Sebesar Rp 726,7 Miliar pada 2020. Diakses melalui Kompas.com: https://www.kompas.com/global/read/2021/02/07/112557470/uea-pangkas-drastis-bantuan-ke-palestina-sebesar-rp-7267-miliar-pada-2020
Sekarwati, S. (2020, Desember 23). Kaleidoskop 2020: Ramai-ramai Normalisasi Hubungan Israel . Diakses melalui Tempo.co: https://dunia.tempo.co/read/1415163/kaleidoskop-2020-ramai-ramai-normalisasi-hubungan-israel/full&view=ok
Setyaningrum, P. M. (2020, September 15). 4 Negara Arab dalam Pelukan Israel. Diakses melalui Wartaekonomi.co.id: https://www.wartaekonomi.co.id/read303899/4-negara-arab-dalam-pelukan-israel
Shane, S. (2005, Juni 18). C.I.A. Role in Visit of Sudan Intelligence Chief Causes Dispute Within Administration. Diakses melalui New York Times.
Sicca, S. P. (2020, September 25). Dana Bantuan Semakin Turun, Pejabat Palestina Khawatir Itu Akibat Perjanjian Damai Negara Arab-Israel. Diakses melalui Kompas.com: https://www.kompas.com/global/read/2020/09/25/213945070/dana-bantuan-semakin-turun-pejabat-palestina-khawatir-itu-akibat
Welle, D. (2020, Desember 12). Giliran Maroko Sepakati Normalisasi Hubungan dengan Israel. Diakses melalui Republika.com: ttps://republika.co.id/berita/ql6eve9815000/giliran-maroko-sepakati-normalisasi-hubungan-dengan-israel
Wirawan, M. K. (2020, Desember 11). Maroko Sepakati Normalisasi dengan Israel, Trump: Sebuah Terobosan Besar. Diakses melalui Kompas.com: https://www.kompas.com/global/read/2020/12/11/185431370/maroko-sepakati-normalisasi-dengan-israel-trump-sebuah-terobosan-besar?page=all
Wong, A. (2020, September 16). Jejak Konflik Israel-Arab hingga Berujung Aksi Normalisasi. Diakses melalui CNN News: https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20200916163507-120-547305/jejak-konflik-israel-arab-hingga-berujung-aksi-normalisasi
Zvulun, L. R. (2020, November 23). Arab normalisation with Israel in 500 words. Diakses melalui Al-Jazeera: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/23/the-normalisation-of-ties-between-israel-and-arab-countries
