Constitutionalisation of Emergency Law: A Comparative Study of State of Emergency in Indonesia and the Philippines
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35586/icjls.v2i1.14838Keywords:
state of emergency, constitutionalization, legislative oversight, judicial review, comparative constitutional lawAbstract
Every democratic constitutional state recognizes the existence of emergency law as an extraordinary legal instrument. Indonesia and the Philippines, though sharing a presidential system and authoritarian historical backgrounds in Southeast Asia, have adopted fundamentally different approaches in regulating the state of emergency within their constitutional frameworks. Indonesia's Article 12 of the 1945 Constitution contains only two delegative sentences, leaving substantive regulation to legislation, whereas the Philippines constitutionalises emergency law comprehensively under Article VII Section 18 of the 1987 Constitution. The gap in the literature lies in the lack of studies that position the Philippines as Indonesia's comparative counterpart, as well as the lack of a holistic examination of how differences in regulatory levels shape the overall character of emergency law regimes in both countries. This study analyses and compares the regulation of the state of emergency in both constitutions in terms of constitutionalisation, legislative oversight mechanisms, and judicial review. Using normative juridical research with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches, this study finds that Indonesia's emergency law regime is normatively under-specified and institutionally fragile, lacking constitutional temporal limits, explicit legislative oversight, and judicial review of emergency proclamations. The Philippines, by contrast, establishes three layers of constitutional control: a sixty-day temporal limit, Congressional supremacy for extensions, and mandatory judicial review of the factual basis for proclamations. This study concludes that Indonesia requires fundamental reform by elevating essential norms temporal limits, parliamentary oversight, and judicial review to the constitutional level, in accordance with democratic rule of law principles post-amendment.
Keywords: State of Emergency, Constitutionalisation, Legislative Oversight, Judicial Review, Comparative Studies
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References
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Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 1959 tentang Keadaan Bahaya.
The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines
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Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 138/PUU-VII/2009 Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 (UUD 1945),
Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 1959 tentang Keadaan Bahaya.
The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines
Alboin Pasaribu dkk. Urgensi Mendesain Ulang Hukum Negara dalam Keadaan Darurat.
Laporan Penelitian, Pusat Penelitian dan Pengkajian Perkara dan Pengelola Perpustakaan Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia, 2021.
Arsil, F. and Ayuni, Q., 2020. Model Pengaturan Kedaruratan dan Pilihan Kedaruratan
Indonesia dalam Menghadapi Pandemi Covid-19. Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan, 50(2), pp.423–446.
Ayuni, Q. Tipologi Penggunaan Hukum Tata Negara Darurat: Sebuah Studi Literatur.
________, Arinanto, S., Arsil, F. and Indrati, M.F., 2022. Concept and implementation on
the state of emergency in Indonesia: Outlook to strengthen checks and balances during crisis. Revista de Investigações Constitucionais, 9(1), pp.11-36.
Jimly Ashoruddin. Kedaruratan dan Konstitusi. Jurnal Konstitusi, 18(2), 2021.
Johnny Ibrahim, Teori dan Metodologi Penelitian Hukum Normatif, (Malang:
Bayumedia Publishing, 2006), hlm. 301.https://bintangpusnas.perpusnas.go.id/konten/BK26135/teori-and-metodologi-penelitian-hukum-normatif/preview
Madania. Pengawasan Kekuasaan Eksekutif oleh Lembaga Legislatif dalam Sistem Pemerintahan
Indonesia. Jurnal Kajian Keislaman, 15(1), 2021.
Mark Tushnet, "The Comparative Law of State of Emergency," dalam Handbook of
Comparative Constitutional Law, ed. Tom Ginsburg dan Rosalind Dixon (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2011), hlm. 357. URL: https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/handbook-of-comparative-constitutional-law-9781848445390.html.
Peter Mahmud Marzuki, “Metode Penelitian Hukum: Edisi Revisi,” (Jakarta: Kencana
Prenada Media Group, 2021), hlm. 35. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=CKZADwAAQBAJ&printsec=copyright#v=onepage&q&f=false
Muhammad Syarif Nuh. Hakekat Keadaan Darurat Negara (State of Emergency) sebagai Dasar
Pembentukan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang. Jurnal Hukum, 18(2), 2011, pp.229–246.
Najib, A.A., 2026. Constitutional Control of Emergency Powers in Indonesia's Presidential
System: Kontrol Konstitusional atas Wewenang Darurat dalam Sistem Presiden Indonesia. Constitutional Law Society, 5(1), pp.154–175.
Nurbani, A.A. and Ayuni, Q., 2022. Konstitusi RIS 1949 dan UUDS 1950: Status Hukum
Tata Negara Darurat yang Diutamakan dalam Pemerintahan. Justicia Sains: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 7(2), pp.341–362.
Rusdiana, S., Situmeang, A., Fitri, W. and Tan, D., 2025. Emergency Law as a Tool of
Executive Centralization in Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam. International Law Discourse in Southeast Asia, 4(2), pp.48–76.
Saputra, M.R., Triadi, I. and Syahuri, T., 2024. Hukum Tata Negara Darurat dalam Perspektif
HAM: Dilema antara Keamanan Negara dan Hak Asasi Manusia. Birokrasi: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum dan Tata Negara, 2(4), pp.182–194.
Shelvi Rusdiana dkk. Emergency Law as a Tool of Executive Centralisation in Indonesia,
Thailand, and Vietnam. International Law Discourse in Southeast Asia, 4(2), 2025.
Triadi, I. dkk. Analisis Yuridis Penerapan Darurat Militer di Indonesia: Kajian terhadap Perppu
Nomor 23 Tahun 1959 dalam Perspektif Ketertiban Umum dan Tantangan Era Digital. Hukum Dinamik Ekselensia, 7(4), 2025.
Yusingco, M.H., 2020. The Philippines’ Dalliance with Authoritarianism in Times of National
Emergency. Verfassungsblog: On Matters Constitutional
Supreme Court of the Philippines, Edcel C. Lagman, et al. v. Hon. Salvador C. Medialdea,
et al., G.R. No. 231658, 4 Juli 2017. Salinan putusan orisinal dapat diakses melalui repositori digital Lawphil Project: https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2017/jul2017/gr_231658_2017.html.
Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 138/PUU-VII/2009
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