DISKURSUS INDO–PASIFIK: HEGEMONI AMERIKA, PERSAINGAN STRATEGIS, HINGGA TRANSFORMASI GEOPOLITIK KAWASAN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33822/mjihi.v1i2.434Keywords:
Indo-Pacific, Geopolitics, Hegemoni, and The Rise of ChinaAbstract
Based on Donald Trump's statement "You Say Asia Pacific, I Say" Indo Pacific" became a hint for the changing geopolitics of the world which marks a fundamental change to global politics. The discourse of Indo-Pacific demands a fundamental shift in how to understand the dynamics of international politics, formerly known as Asia-Pacific. The emphasis on hegemonic practices, strategic competition, to geopolitical transformation of the region is the main scope that is then created from the projection of the US grand strategy. The Indo-Pacific is essentially an expansion of geographical coverage by involving India as a symbol of the dominant force in the Indian Ocean into a progressive US move to present structural obstacles to the dominance of Chinese military power.
References
Art, R. J. (2003). A Grand Strategy for America. United States of America: Cornell University Press.
AsiaTimes. (2017, November 9). Indo-Pacific’ is new US name for Asia in slap at China, Asia Times. Retrieved from sia Times: http://www.atimes.com/article/indo¬pacific¬new¬us¬name¬asia¬slap-china/
Basu, T. (2016 , Mei 27). India’s Approach towards Indo ¬Pacific Triangularity, Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. Retrieved from IDSA.id: https://idsa.in/idsanews/indias-approach-towards-indo-pacific-triangularity?q=print/
Blackwill, R. D., & Tellis, A. J. (2015). Revising U.S. Grand Strategy Toward China, The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Council Special Report No. 72.
Blaszczyk, M. (2018, Juli 8). What should we make of the ‘Indo-Pacific’?, What’s in a name? Retrieved from Policy Forum: https://www.policyforum.net/policy-file-make-indo-pacific/
Brewster, D. (2010). An Indian Sphere of Influence in the Indian Ocean? Security Challenges, Vol 20, No 4, 2010.
Chellaney, B. (2018, Maret 24). A new order for the Indo-Pacific. Retrieved from Aspi Strategist: https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/new-order-indo-pacific/
Corr, A. (2017, Juli 5). Chinese Involvement In North Korea's Nuclear Missile Program: From Trucks To Warheads. Retrieved from forbes.com: https://www.forbes.com/sites/anderscorr/2017/07/05/chinese-involvement-in¬north-koreas-nuclear-missile-program-from-warheads-to-trucks/#326e75506f2f
Cronin. (2013). The Emerging Asian Power Web: The Rise of Bilateral Intra Asian Security Ties. Retrieved from Center for a New American Security: http://www.cnas.org/asian-powerweb)
Dar, S. S., & Kalis, N. A. (2013). India’s Strategic Response to War on Terrorism in Afghanistan, A Strategic Analysis. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) Volume 2 Issue, 1-25.
Deb, A. (2018, Juli 8). Modi-Xi meet: What business they may discuss, . Retrieved from indiatimes.com: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/modi-xi-meet-what-business-they-may-discuss/articleshow/63936727.cms
Dobell, G. (2018 , April 11). The Indo-Pacific? The Quad? Please explain. Retrieved from aspistrategist.org: https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/indo-pacific-quad-please-explain/
Dobell, G. (2018, Febuari 28). "The US and China: status quo powers in revisionist times. Retrieved from Aspi Strategist: https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/us-china-status-quo-powers-revisionist-times/
Ellsworth, R., Goodpaster, A., & Hauser, R. (2000). America’s national Interests: A Report from The Commission on America’s national Interests. Commission on America’s National Interests.
English, P. (2012). The TransPacific Partnership: An Opportunity for American Leadership in the Asia-Pacific Economy. The Ripon Forum, ed-3-2012, 40-56.
Escobar, P. (2017, Desember 7). The New Great Game moves from Asia¬Pacific to Indo¬Pacific. Retrieved from Asia Time: http://www.atimes.com/article/new¬great¬game¬moves¬asia¬pacific-indo¬pacific/
Feldt, L., Roell, P., & Thiele, R. D. (2013). Maritime Security: Perspectives for a Comprehensive Approach. ISPSW Strategy Series.
Ghosh, M. (2017). India’s Strategic Convergence with Japan in the Changing Indo-Pacific Geopolitical Landscape. East-West Center, Asia-Pacific Bulletin No: 392, 1-17.
Ghosh, P. (2011). Security Challenges from Non-State Actors in the Indian Ocean. Strategic Trends, Vol, No 2011.
Godbole, A. (2017, Desember 9). What is Indo¬Pacific and what is it not? Retrieved from Asia Times: http://www.atimes.com/indo-pacific¬india¬ocean/
Godbole, A. (2017, December 17 ). What is Indo¬Pacific and what is it not? Retrieved from Asiatimes: http://www.atimes.com/indo-pacific¬india¬ocean/
Gopalaswamy, B., & Ramachandran, A. (2017, Desember 19). The Shifting Balance of Power in the Indo Pacific. Retrieved from chinausfocus.com: https://www.chinausfocus.com/peace-security/the-shifting-balance-of-power-in-the-indo-pacific
Gujar, G., Ghosh, P., & Yan, H. (2014). A Strategy for Securing the Maritime Commons. Stimson Center.
Hagan, C. B. (1942). Geopolitics. The Journal of Politics, Vol. 4, No. 4, 478-490.
IDSA. (2016, Mei 27). India’s Approach towards IndoPacific Triangularity, Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. Retrieved from IDSA, India Security Institute: https://idsa.in/idsanews/indias-approach-towards-indo-pacific-triangularity
Izuyama, M. (2017). Security in the Indian Ocean Region: Regional Responses to China’s Growing Influence. East Asian Strategic Review.
Izuyama, M., & Kurita, M. (2017). Security in the Indian Ocean Region: Regional Responses to China’s Growing Influence. Goerge Washington University, East Asian Strategic Review.
Jones, M., Jones, R., & Woods, M. (2004). An Introduction to Geopolitical Geography: Space, Place, and Politics. London: Routledge.
Jones, M., Jones, R., & Woods, M. (2004). An Introduction to Political Geography : Space, place and politics. London : Routledge.
Kanehara, N. (2018, Maret 8). The Case for a New US-Japan Strategy: Why We Need a Free and Open Indo-Pacific. Retrieved from The Diplomat: https://thediplomat.com/2018/03/the-case-for-a-new-us-japan-strategy-why-we-need-a-free-and-open-indo-pacific/?allpages=yes&print=yes
Mapp, W. (2014). Military Modernisation and Buildup in the asia pacific the case for restraint. RSIS Monograph No. 31.
Marcus. Jonathon. (2012, Juni 2). Leon Panetta: US to deploy 60% of Navy Fleet to Pacific. Retrieved from bbc.com: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-18305750
Marsetio. (2014). Sea Power Indonesia. Bogor Universitas Pertahanan Indonesia: Unhan Press.
McDaniel, D. (2012). India, China and the United States in the IndoPacific region: coalition, co-existence or clash ? Australian Defence College.
Medcalf, R. (2017, Desember 31). Goodbye Asia-Pacific But Why The Sudden Buzz Over Indo-Pacific? Retrieved from South China Morning Post: http://www.scmp.com/week-asia/geopolitics/article/2137212/will-india-turn-its-back-dalai-lama-appease-china
Medcalf, R., Heinrichs, R., & Jones, J. (2011). Crisis and Confidence: Major Powers and Maritime Security in Indo-Pacific Asia. Sydney : Lowy Institute for International Policy.
Michel, D., & Passarelli, R. (2014). Sea Change: Evolving Maritime Geopolitics in the Indo-Pacific Region . Washington, D.C.: Stimson Center.
Miller, J. B. (2017). The US-Japan-India Relationship: Trilateral Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific. Japan: Chicago Council on Global Affairs.
Mobrand, E. (2018 , Juni 2). America' Takes a New Meaning in South Korea,. Retrieved from thediplomat.co: https://thediplomat.com/2018/07/america-takes-a-new-meaning-in-south-korea/ 2 Juni 2018.
MoD. (2015, Oktober 15). U.S-India Malabar Exercise, Ministry of Defense Government of India. Retrieved from pib.nic.in: http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=128755
MOFA. (2017, Agustus 22). Confluence of the Two Seas, the Parliament of the Republic of India. Retrieved from MOFA: http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asiapaci
P.K.Ghosh. (2014). The Indo-Pacific Region and the Rise of Transnational Maritime Threats and Challenges. In D. Michel, & R. Passarelli, Sea Change: Evolving Maritime Geopolitics in Indo-Pacific Regioan. New York: Stimson Center .
Pacom.mil. (2018 , Juni 1). U.S. Pacific Command, U.S. Indo-Pacific Command Holds Change of Command Ceremony. Retrieved from Pacom.mil: www.pacom.mil/Media/News/News-Article-View/Article/1535776/us-indo-pacific-command-holds-change-of-command-ceremony/
Panda, A. (2018, Juni 1). Why the Kim-Moon Summit at Panmunjom Matters: The summit between the two Koreas will set the tone for the Trump-Kim summit. Retrieved from Thediplomat.com: https://thediplomat.com/2018/04/why-the-kim-moon-summit-at-panmunjom-matters/
Pandey, P. (2018 , Febuari 22). Emerging Geopolitics of the Indo-Pacific. Retrieved from Ipsa.org: https://wc2018.ipsa.org/events/congress/wc2018/paper/emerging-geopolitics-indo-pacific
Pitter, R. (2017, Oktober 13). The Indo-Pacific: Defining a Region. Retrieved from worldview.stratfor.com : https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/indo¬pacific¬defining¬region
Rinehart, I. E., & Elias, B. (2015). China’s Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ). Congressional Research Service.
Scott, D. (2012). The “Indo-Pacific”—New Regional Formulations and New Maritime Frameworks for US-India Strategic Convergence. Asia-Pacific Review, Vol. 19, No. 2.
Shepherd, C., & Martina, M. (2018, Maret 5). China boosts defence spending, rattling its neighbours' nerves. Retrieved from UK,reuters.com: https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-china-parliament-defence/china-boosts-defence-spending-rattling-its-neighbours-nerves-idUKKCN1GG07D
Shyam, S. (2011). Mapping the Indo Pacific. Retrieved from cprindia.org : http://www.cprindia.org/blog/borders/3574-mapping-indo-pacific
Sokinda, S. (2015). India’s Strategy for Countering China’s Increased Influence in the Indian Ocean. Indo-Pacific Strategic Papers, Australian Centre for Defence Research.
Swaine, M. D. (2018, Maret 2). Creating an Unstable Asia: the U.S. Free and Open Indo-Pacific Strategy. Retrieved from Foreign Affairs: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: http://carnegieendowment.org/2018/03/02/creating-unstable-asia-u.s.-free-and-open-indo-pacific-strategy-pub-75720
Tatsumi, Y. (2017, Desember 21). The US National Security Strategy: Implications for the Indo¬Pacific. Retrieved from The Diplomat: https://thediplomat.com/2017/12/the-us-national-security-strategy-implications-for-the-indo-pacific/
Tellis, A. J. (2017, April 25). Protecting American Primacy in the Indo-Pacific. Retrieved from Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: http://carnegieendowment.org/2017/04/25/protecting-american-primacy-in-indo-pacific-pub-68754
TheWhiteHouse. (2018, Maret 13). US¬India Joint Strategic Vision for the AsiaPacific and Indian Ocean Region. Retrieved from The White House: https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-pressoffice/2015/01/25/us-india-joint-strategic-vision-asia¬pacific-andindian-ocean-region
Tuathail, G. O., Dalby , S., & Routledge , P. (1998). The Geopolitics Reader. New York : Routledge.
Tuathail, G., Dalby, S., & Routledge, P. (1998). The Geopolitics Reader. New York: Routledge.
Upadhyay, S. (2014). The Indo-Pacific & the Indo-US Relations Geopolitics of Cooperation. IPCS Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies.
Vijay, R. K., & Sakhuja. (2014). Indo-Pacific Region: Political and Strategi Prespective. New Delhi: Indian Council of World Affairs.
Yahuda, M. (2000). The International Politics of the Asia. London & New York: RoutledgeCurzon.
