Cyberbullying under Criminal Law: A Comparative Analysis of Indonesian and Malaysian Legal Frameworks

Authors

  • Handina Sulastrina Bakhtiar Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta
  • Ahmad Yusup Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35586/velrev.v9i1.14527

Keywords:

Cyberbullying, Criminal Law, Indonesia, Malaysia

Abstract

This study aims to analyse and compare the conception of cyberbullying under the criminal laws of Indonesia and Malaysia. This study employs a normative legal research method, also referred to as doctrinal legal research, with a prescriptive analytical approach. The approaches adopted in this study comprise a conceptual approach, a case approach, and a comparative approach. The findings indicate that Indonesia regulates cyberbullying indirectly through Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions, including its subsequent amendments, as well as through the National Criminal Code. By contrast, Malaysia provides more specific provisions through the reform of its Penal Code. The main difference lies in the formulation of the elements of the offence and the applicable criminal sanctions. Malaysia tends to provide clearer and more specific regulation concerning cyberbullying, whereas in Indonesia the regulation remains relatively abstract, and law enforcement practices continue to rely primarily on the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, the Pornography Law, and the National Criminal Code.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Adwi Mulyana Hadi, “Tindak Pidana Cyberbullying oleh Anak dalam Perspektif Undang-Undang ITE dan Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak”, Journal of Law Society and Islamic Civilization (JoLSIC), Volume 13, Nomor 2, Oktober 2025.

Amira Paripurna, et al., 2021, Viktimologi dan Sistem Peradilan Pidana, Deepublish, Yogyakarta.

Amy Dwyer dan Patricia Easteal, “Cyber Bullying Inaustralian Schoolsthe Question of Negligence and Liability”, Alternative Law Journal, Volume 38, Issue 2, Juny 2013.

Anne Wagner, “E-victimization and E-Predation Theory As The Dominantaggressive Communication: The Case of Cyber Bullying”, Social Semiotics, Volume 29, Nomor 3, 2019.

Anne Wagner, “E-victimization and E-Predation Theory As The Dominant Aggressive Communication: The Case of Cyber Bullying”, Social Semiotics, Volume 29, Nomor 3.

Bindal et al., “Student and Teachers Perspective on Cyber-Bullying”, Journal of Forensic Psychology, Volume 3, Issue 1.

Carter Hay, et al., “Traditional Bullying, Cyber Bullying, and Deviance: A General Strain Theory Approach”, Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Volume 26, Issue 2, May 2010.

Colette Langos, “Cyberbullying: The Shades of Harm”, Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, Volume 22, Nomor 1, 2015.

Dwi Inggi Adiarti, dan Ningsih Fadhilah, “Membangun Ketahanan Digital Remaja Desa: Analisis Kekerasan Seksual Digital Melalui Perspektif Perkembangan Anak Dan Gender”, Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Sosial dan Pendidikan, Volume 3, Nomor 1, Januari 2025.

Eddy O.S. Hiariej, 2024, Prinsip-Prinsip Hukum Pidana Edisi Penyesuaian KUHP Nasional, Rajawali Pers, Depok.

Elpemi, et al., "Fenomena Cyberbullying Pada Peserta Didik." IJoCE: Indonesian Journal of Counseling and Education, Volume 1, Nomor 1, 2020.

Emily Zakia, 2025, “Lonjakan Statistik Kasus Bullying di Indonesia, Ini Data Setiap Tahunnya!”, GoodStats, https://goodstats.id/article/data-kasus-bullying-di-indonesia-yG3WL, diakses pada Kamis, 6 November 2025.

Francesca Stevens, et al., “Cyber Stalking, Cyber Harassment, and Adult Mental Health: A Systematic Review”, Cyberpsychology,Behavior, And Social Networking, Volume 24, Number 6, 2021.

Info Psikologi, 2024, “Apa Itu Denigration? Ini Definisi dan Dampaknya bagi Korban”, Kumparan, https://kumparan.com/info-psikologi/apa-itu-denigration-ini-definisi-dan-dampaknya-bagi-korban-2288IrjL5TR, diakses pada Sabtu, 8 November 2025.

Jinner Sidauruk, et al., “Perspektif Hukum Pidana terhadap Fenomena Cyberbullying di Media Sosial”, Jurnal Hukum De’ Rechsstaat, Volume 10, Issue 2, September, 2024.

Justin W. Patchin dan Sameer Hinduja, “Bullies Move Beyond the Schoolyard: A Preliminary Look at Cyberbullying”, Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, Volume 4, Issue 2, 2006.

Kiki Safitri dan Dani Prabowo, 2025, “48 Persen Anak Jadi Korban Cyberbullying, Menkomdigi: Sulit Terdeteksi”, Kompas.com, https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2025/07/04/17292961/48-persen-anak-jadi-korban-cyberbullying-menkomdigi-sulit-terdeteksi, diakses pada Kamis, 6 November 2025.

Kyung-Shick Choi, et al., “The Assessment of Capable Guardianship Measures Againstbullying Victimization in The School Environment”, Police Practice And Research, Volume 17, Nomor 2, 2016.

Maheza Nurmiagita, 2024, “Influencer Malaysia Bunuh Diri karena Tak Tahan Di-bully di Media Sosial, Pelakunya Cuma Didenda Rp 300 Ribuan”, Liputan 6, https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/5817058/influencer-malaysia-bunuh-diri-karena-tak-tahan-di-bully-di-media-sosial-pelakunya-cuma-didenda-rp300-ribuan, diakses pada Kamis, 6 November 2025.

Marija Draganic, et al., “The Incidence and Forms of Cyberbullying and the Connection Between Cyberbullying and Self-Esteem Among High School Students in Montenegro”, Sage Journals , 2024.

Mona O’Moore “Cyber-Bullying: The Situation Inireland”, Pastoral Care in Education, Volume 30, Nomor 3, September 2012.

Muhammad Dani Ihkam, dan I Gusti Ngurah Parwata, “Tindak Pidana Cyber Bullying Dalam Perspektif Hukum Pidana Di Indonesia”, Jurnal Kertha Wicara, Volume 9, Nomor 11.

Muhammad Egi Tri Setia, 2024, “Killer Finger: Slowly and Quietly”, Yayasan Pulih, Jakarta Selatan, https://www.yayasanpulih.org/our-resources/article/Killer-Finger-Slowly-and-Quietly, diakses pada Sabtu, 8 November 2025.

Muhammad Yasin dan Norman Edwin Elnizar, 2019, “Cyberbullying, Pelajaran dari Kasus Amanda Todd”, Hukum Online, https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/icyberbullying-i--pelajaran-dari-kasus-amanda-todd-lt5cd3dc51893bd/, diakses pada Kamis, 6 November 2025.

Nancy E. Willard, 2007, Cyberbullying And Cyberthreats: Responding To The Challenge Of Online Social Aggression, Threats, And Distress, Research Press, United States of America.

Nurulhuda Ahmad Razali, et al., “Cyberbullying In Malaysia: An Analysis of The Existing Laws”, International Journal of Law, Government And Communication (IJLGC), Volume 7, Issue ,30 Desember 2022.

Phintraco Group, 2023, “Cyber Threat: Pengertian, Jenis, dan Cara Mengatasinya”, Blogspot, https://phintraco.com/cyber-threat/, diakses pada Sabtu, 8 November 2025.

Ria Agustina, dan Gunawan Hadi Purwanto, “Kejahatan Impersonationterhadap Public Figuredalam Perspektif Undang-Undang Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual (Studi Kasus di Kabupaten Bojonegoro)”, Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia, Volume 6, Nomor 2, Tahun 2024.

Titania Nurrahim, 2019, “7 Perundungan Siber di Medsos”, Indonesiabaik.id, https://indonesiabaik.id/motion_grafis/7-perundungan-siber-di-medsos#:~:text=Keenam%2C%20exclusion%20atau%20pengucilan%2C%20adalah,dari%20grup%20daring%20secara%20sengaja, diakses pada Sabtu, 8 November 2025.

Windy Freska, 2023, Bullying dan Kesehatan Mental Remaja, Mitra Edukasi Negeri, Bantul.

Downloads

Published

2026-06-02

How to Cite

Bakhtiar, H. S., & Ahmad Yusup. (2026). Cyberbullying under Criminal Law: A Comparative Analysis of Indonesian and Malaysian Legal Frameworks. Veteran Law Review, 9(1), 114–126. https://doi.org/10.35586/velrev.v9i1.14527

Issue

Section

Article