Developing A Peer Support Model To Prevent Non-Consensual Intimate Images Among Adolescents In Bali

Authors

  • Fitria Dila Sari Poltekkes Kementerian Kesehatan Denpasar, Bali Indonesia
  • Ni Luh Putu Yunianti Suntari Poltekkes Kementerian Kesehatan Denpasar, Bali Indonesia
  • I Dewa Ayu Ketut Surinati Poltekkes Kementerian Kesehatan Denpasar, Bali Indonesia
  • Ni Putu Dessy Parmitha Sari Poltekkes Kementerian Kesehatan Denpasar, Bali Indonesia
  • Ni Made Tariani Poltekkes Kementerian Kesehatan Denpasar, Bali Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33533/jpm.v20i1.14021

Keywords:

Peer Support; Assistance Services; Adolescence; NCII

Abstract

Indonesia is currently facing a sexual violence emergency, with sexual violence being the most frequently reported form of violence against women. One form of Online Gender-Based Violence (OGBV) that remains underreported is the Non-Consensual Dissemination of Intimate Images (NCII), which refers to the distribution of intimate images without the victim’s consent. In Bali, NCII cases reflect an iceberg phenomenon in which only a small proportion of incidents are reported, while rapid tourism development and the expansion of digital communication are believed to increase the risk of such cases. This study aims to describe the NCII situation and to develop a peer support–based assistance model for vulnerable adolescents. A mixed-method approach was used by integrating quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data were obtained through pre-test and post-test questionnaires during peer support training, while qualitative data were collected through observations during peer-led socialization activities in schools. The intervention consisted of two stages: researcher-led peer support training followed by peer-led dissemination. Statistical analysis at a significance level of α = 0.05 showed a significant increase in participants’ knowledge after the intervention (p < 0.001). These findings indicate that a peer support–based assistance model can improve adolescents’ awareness and readiness to support NCII victims.

References

Ministry of Women’s Empowerment and Child Protection. Data on violence against women and children in 2023. 2023.

Muhamad N. There are 19 thousand cases of violence in Indonesia, the majority of victims are teenagers [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2024 Jan 25]. Available from: https://databoks.katadata.co.id/: https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2023/09/27/ada-19-ribu-kasus-kekerasan-di-indonesia-korbannya-mayoritas-remaja

Wulandari EP, Bhwa DP, Tafuli Y, Keperawatan SI, Tinggi S, Kesehatan I, et al. The Effect Of Health Education On Sexual Violence On Students. 2023;6(2):1–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48079/jika.v6i2.102

World Health Organization. Adolescent health [Internet]. 2023. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/adolescent-health

Ramadhani SR, Nurwati N, Seksual K, Keluarga DS. The Traumatic Impact Of Adolescent Victims Of Sexual Violence And The Role Of Social Family Support. 2023;0042:131–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/share.v12i2.39462

Bentivegna, Francesca; Patalay P. The impact of sexual violence in mid-adolescence on mental health: A UK population-based longitudinal study. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2022;9(11):874–83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(22)00271-1

Initiativ CCR. Nonconsensual intimate image abuse (NCII): Definition and impact. [Internet]. 2023. Available from: https://cybercivilrights.org

Henry N, Flynn A, Powell A. Technology-Facilitated Domestic and Sexual Violence : A Review. 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801219875821

Adrian NHCMAFKJAP. Image-Based Sexual Abuse: A Study on the Causes and Consequences of Non-Consensual Nude or Sexual Imagery. Br J Soc Work [Internet]. 2024;54(4):1777–9.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcae003

10. Techsafety.org. National Council Of Juvenile And Family Court Judges (NCJFCJ). 2022. Understanding Sexting & Non-Consensual Intimate Image Sharing. Available from: https://www.techsafety.org/: https://www.techsafety.org/understanding-sexting-and-ncii-sharing

Women NC on VA. National Commission on Violence Against Women. 2023. Annual report on violence against women in 2022.

UNICEF. Child online protection in the digital era [Internet]. 2023. Available from: https://www.unicef.org

Vik Burmo O, Skilbrei Bøen K, Hysing M, Dovran A, Kjørstad K, Hafstad GS, et al. “I did not feel the need to disclose”: identifying factors impeding the disclosure of child abuse experiences in a population with maltreatment history. Nord Psychol [Internet]. 2025;0(0):1–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2025.2502915

Mitchell KJ, Jones LM, Gewirtz-Meydan A, O’Brien J, Colburn D. Image-Based Sexual Abuse: Characteristics Linked to Different Reasons Why Youth Decide Not to Disclose. Prev Sci [Internet]. 2025;26(8):1157–68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-025-01853-4

Eko Winarti, Yeni Lufiana Novita Agnes, Indah Jayani, Irvan Maulana, Aim Matun Nadhiroh. Online Gender-Based Violence Among Adolescents In Kediri City. Str J Ilm Kesehat. 2025;14(1):85–96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30994/sjik.v14i1.1227

Lunde C, Dönmez AK, Valik A, Holmqvist-Gattario K, Skoog T. Disclosing peer sexual harassment in the transition from late childhood to early adolescence. Scand J Educ Res [Internet]. 2025;69(2):376–90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2024.2308880

Jennifer, Lavoie; Kelli, Dickerson; Allison R. Overcoming Disclosure Reluctance in Youth Victims of Sex Trafficking: New Directions for Research, Policy, and Practice Jennifer. Physiol Behav. 2019;25(2):225–238. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/law0000205

Pavarini G, Reardon T, Mawdsley G, Singh I. Online peer ‑ led intervention to improve adolescent wellbeing during the COVID ‑ 19 pandemic : a randomised controlled trial. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health [Internet]. 2024;1:1–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-024-00723-1

Salvirania S, Fahrudin A. Hubungan Peer Group Support Dengan Kualitas Hidup Penderita Skizofrenia. Khidm Sos J Soc Work Soc Serv [Internet]. 2021;2(1):43–55. Available from: https://jurnal.umj.ac.id/index.php/khidmatsosial/article/view/10429%0Ahttps://jurnal.umj.ac.id/index.php/khidmatsosial/article/download/10429/5903

Ross DA, Ch BMB, Ph D, Sc M, Kostelecky SM, Sc M, et al. The 1 . 8 Billion Campaign : Adolescents and Their Well-Being Take Center Stage. J Adolesc Heal [Internet]. 2023;73(4):622–4. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.07.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.07.001

UNICEF. United Nations Children’s Fund. 2023. Digital safety and online violence against children and adolescents: Global overview and recommendation. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daae172

Raeside R. Mike Daube Early Career Advocacy Series Advancing adolescent health promotion in the digital era. 2025;

World Health Organization. WHO. 2023. Nurturing care for early childhood development. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241514064

Susetyo YF, Supriyadi A, Setiyawati D, Hidayati K. Development of a training module for adolescent Peer Counsellors based on a systematic literature review. 2024;19(01):67–74.

Downloads

Published

2026-06-25

How to Cite

Sari, F. D., Suntari, N. L. P. Y., Surinati, I. D. A. K., Sari, N. P. D. P., & Tariani, N. M. (2026). Developing A Peer Support Model To Prevent Non-Consensual Intimate Images Among Adolescents In Bali . Jurnal Profesi Medika : Jurnal Kedokteran Dan Kesehatan, 20(1), 46–52. https://doi.org/10.33533/jpm.v20i1.14021