Analisis Keseimbangan dan Efesiensi Ekonomi Industri Gula Indonesia

Abstract

Gula merupakan salah satu hasil industri pertanian yang diatur ketetapannya dalam Peraturan Presiden Nomor 71 Tahun 2015 dan Nomor 59 Tahun 2020 tentang Penetapan dan Penyimpanan Barang Kebutuhan Pokok dan Barang Penting. Hasil survei Kementerian Perdagangan tahun 2013 –2015 mengindikasikan bahwa terdapat sekitar 100.000 ton gula rafinasi yang penyalurannya tidak sesuai peruntukan. Selain itu, pemisahan pasar gula juga mengakibatkan kenaikan margin perdagangan dan pengangkutan (MPP) berkisar 30% - 33,18% sehingga menyebabkan kenaikan harga gula di tingkat eceran sebesar 3 - 6% (Kementerian Perdagangan, 2020). Karena kebijakan pemisahan pasar gula justru menyebabkan inefisiensi industri gula, maka diperlukan kebijakan alternatif untuk meningkatkan efisiensi ekonomi industri gula, misalnya melalui kebijakan penyatuan pasar gula. Penyatuan pasar gula diharapkan akan memberikan dampak positif bagi kinerja industri nasional sehingga industri gula nasional makin efisien dan berdaya saing. Penyatuan pasar gula akan mengubah harga keseimbangan gula sehingga diperlukan analisis keseimbangan dan efisiensi ekonomi industri gula jika kebijakan penyatuan pasar gula dilaksanakan. Dengan adanya penyatuan pasar gula maka harga gula akan lebih stabil karena penawaran dan permintaan gula menjadi lebih elastis karena GKP bisa masuk ke pasar industri dan sebaliknya GKR bisa juga masuk pasar konsumsi langsung.

Kata kunci: Kebijakan Tata Niaga, Industri Gula, Efisiensi Ekonomi

Abstract

Sugar is one of the agricultural industry products regulated by Presidential Regulation Number 71/2015 and Number 59 of 2020 concerning the Determination and Storage of Basic Needs and Essential Goods. The Ministry of Trade's survey results in 2013-2015 indicated that around 100,000 tonnes of refined sugar had not distributed as intended. In addition, the separation of the sugar market also resulted in an increase in trading and transportation margins (MPP) ranging from 30% to 33.18%, causing an increase in sugar prices at the retail level by 3 - 6% (Ministry of Trade, 2020). Since the sugar market separation policy causes inefficiency in the sugar industry, alternative policies are needed to improve the economic efficiency of the sugar industry, such as a sugar market unification policy. The unification of the sugar market is expect to positively impact the performance of the national sugar industry so that the sugar industry can become more efficient and competitive. The sugar market's unification will change the sugar's equilibrium price, so an analysis of the balance and economic efficiency of the sugar industry is needed if the sugar market unification policy is implemented. With the sugar market's unification, sugar prices will be more stable because the supply and demand of sugar become more elastic. GKP can enter the industrial market and vice versa; GKR can also enter the direct consumption market.

Keywords: Trade Policy, Sugar Industry, Economic Efficiency