ENVIRONMENTAL DIPLOMACY: CASE STUDY OF THE EU-INDONESIA PALM OIL DISPUTE

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33822/mjihi.v2i1.917

Keywords:

environmental diplomacy, palm oil, renewable energy directive, the European Union,

Abstract

The EU’s decision to exclude palm oil as renewable energy in the Renewable Energy Directive II (RED) faced critics and protest from Indonesia and Malaysia. However, the EU argued that the expansion of palm oil has direct link with deforestation and degradation of forest. This research is eager to understand the dynamic of the European Union environmental diplomacy in the case study of the EU-Indonesia palm oil dispute. This research found that the dynamic of the EU environmental diplomacy in the case study of the EU-Indonesia palm oil dispute has three phases namely the low-carbon economy, the EU green leadership and the EU-Indonesia trade war.

References

Adelle, C., Biedenkopf, K., & Torney, D. (2018). Introduction: European Union External Environmental Policy. In C. Adelle, K. Biedenkopf, & D. Torney, European Union External Environmental Policy: Rules, Regulation, and Governance Beyond Borders (pp. 1-17). London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Ali, S., & Vladich, H. (2016). Environmental Diplomacy. In C. Constantinou, P. Kerr, & P. Sharp, The SAGE Handbook of Diplomacy (pp. 601-616). London: SAGE.

Alisjahbana, A. S., & Busch, J. M. (2017). Forestry, Forest Fires, and Climate Change in Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 111-136.

Antaranews. (2018, December 5). Dubes: sertifikat ISPO belum cukup diakui di Eropa. Retrieved March 17, 2019, from Antaranews.com: https://www.antaranews.com/berita/774642/dubes-sertifikat-ispo-belum-cukup-diakui-di-eropa

Baker, S., Kousis, M., Richardson, D., & Young, S. (1997). Introduction: The theory and practice of sustainable development in EU perspective. In S. Baker, M. Kousis, D. Richardson, & S. Young, The Politics of Sustainable Development: Theory, Policy and Practice within the European Union (pp. 1-41). London: Routledge.

Berenschot, W. (2015, October-December). Haze of Democracy. Retrieved February 14, 2016, from http://www.insideindonesia.org/haze-of-democracy

Bernstein, S. (2001). The Compromise of Liberal Environmentalism. New York: Columbia University Press.

Bowyer, C. (2010). Anticipated indirect land use change associated with expanded use of Biofuels and Bioliquids in the EU. London: IEEP.

Bram, D. (2012). Kejahatan Korporasi dalam Pencemaran Lintas Batas Negara: Studi Pencemaran Kabut Asap Kebakaran Hutan di Indonesia. Law Review, 11(3), 377-393.

Buzan, B. (2001). The English School: An Underexploited Resource in IR. Review of International Studies, 471-488.

CNN.com. (2010, March 20). Greenpeace, Nestlé in battle over Kit Kat viral. Retrieved from CNN.com: http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/03/19/indonesia.rainforests.orangutan.nestle/index.html

CNNIndonesia. (2019, March 20). Uni Eropa Sebut Ancaman Pemboikotan RI Rugikan Semua Pihak. Retrieved from CNN Indonesia: https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20190320185209-92-379230/uni-eropa-sebut-ancaman-pemboikotan-ri-rugikan-semua-pihak

Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitave and Mixed Methods Approach. California: Sage Publications.

EU-FLEGT. (2019, January 1). Indonesia-EU Voluntary Partnership Agreement. Retrieved from EU-FLEGT: http://www.euflegt.efi.int/indonesia

European Union. (2009, 6 5). DIRECTIVE 2009/28/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL. Retrieved from The European Union.

European Union. (2013). The impact of EU consumption on deforestation: Comprehensive analysis of the impact of EU consumption on deforestation. Retrieved from European Commission: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/forests/pdf/1.%20Report%20analysis%20of%20impact.pdf

European Union. (2016, November 30). Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources . Retrieved March 6, 2019, from European Commission: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/1_en_impact_assessment_part1_v4_418.pdf

Fardo, F. F. (2019, March 27). The EU-ASEAN Relationship on the EU's RED II. (V. Robertua, Interviewer)

Forsyth, T. (2014). Public concerns on transboundary haze: a comparison of Indonesia, Singapore and Malaysia. Global Environmental Change, 25, 76-86.

Gilboa, E. (2008). Searching for a Theory of Public Diplomacy. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 55-77.

Greenpeace. (2007). Cooking the Climate. Amsterdam: Greenpeace International.

Greenpeace. (2008). Burning up Borneo. Amsterdam: Greenpeace.

Guardian. (2018, April 25). How palm oil ban has made the EU a dirty word in Malaysia. Retrieved from Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/26/how-palm-oil-ban-has-made-the-eu-a-dirty-word-in-malaysia

Guérend, V. (2018, November 1). Letter to the editor: EU ambassador on palm oil stance. Retrieved from The Jakarta Post: https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/53237/letter-editor-eu-ambassador-palm-oil-stance_bg

Guérend, V. (2018, 6 5). Minyak sawit dan komitmen Uni Eropa. Kompas.

Guérend, V. (2019, March 27). The EU's RED II. (V. Robertua, Interviewer)

Harnesk, D., & Brogaard, S. (2016). Social Dynamics of Renewable Energy—How the European Union’s Renewable Energy Directive Triggers Land Pressure in Tanzania. The Journal of Environment & Development, 156-185.

Hix, S. (2005). The Political System of the European Union. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Hobolt, S. B. (2016). The Brexit vote: a divided nation, a divided continent. Journal of European Public Policy, 1259-1277.

Hollis, M., & Smith, S. (1990). Explaining and Understanding in International Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Kelemen, R. D. (2009, 5 1). Globalizing European Union Environmental Policy. Retrieved from Princeton University: https://www.princeton.edu/europe/events_archive/repository/05-01-2009/Kelemen.pdf

Kilian, B., & Elgström, O. (2010). Still a green leader? The European Union's Role in International Climate Negotiations. Cooperation and Conflict, 255-273.

Kohne, M. (2014). Multi-stakeholder Initiative governance as assemblage: Rountable Sustainable Palm Oil as a Political Resource in Land Conflicts related to Oil Palm Plantation. Agriculture Humanity, 469-480.

Larsen, R. K., Jiwan, N., Rompas, A., Jenito, J., Osbeck, M., & Tarigan, A. (2014). Towards ‘hybrid accountability’ in EU biofuels policy? Community grievances and competing water claims in the Central Kalimantan oil palm sector. Geoforum, 295-305.

Manners, I. (2002). Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms. Journal of Common Market Studies, 235-258.

McBeath, J., & Wang, B. (2008). China's Environmental Diplomacy. American Journal of Chinese Studies, 1-16.

McCarthy, J. (2012). Certifying in Contested Spaces: Private Regulation in Indonesian Forestry and Palm Oil. Third World Quarterly, 1871-1888.

National Geographic Indonesia. (2011, October 12). GAPKI Keluar dari RSPO. Retrieved March 12, 2019, from National Geographic Indonesia: https://nationalgeographic.grid.id/read/13281029/gapki-keluar-dari-rspo?page=all

Nikoloyuk, J., Burns, T. R., & Man, R. d. (2010). The promise and limitations of partnered governance : the case of sustainable palm oil. Corporate Governance, 59-72.

Oberthur, S., & Kelly, C. R. (2008). EU Leadership in International Climate Policy: Achievements and Challenges. The International Spectator, 35-50.

Oegroseno, A. H. (2018, 6 2). Ideologi Anti-Sawit di Eropa. Kompas.

Postnikov, E. (2018). Environmental Instruments in Trade Agreements: Pushing the Limits of the Dialogue Approach. In D. Torney, K. Biedenkopf, & C. Adelle, European Union External Environmental Policy: Rules, Regulation and Governance Beyond Borders (pp. 59-81). London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Rainforest Norway; Transport & Environment. (2019, January 17). Indonesian civil society pleads with the EU to phase out palm oil-based biofuels. Retrieved April 12, 2019, from Rainforest Foundation Norway: https://www.regnskog.no/en/news/indonesian-civil-society-pleads-with-the-eu-to-phase-out-palm-oil-based-biofuels

Reuters. (2018, 6 14). EU to phase out palm oil from transport fuel by 2030. Retrieved from Reuters: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-climatechange-palmoil/eu-to-phase-out-palm-oil-from-transport-fuel-by-2030-idUSKBN1JA21F

Robertua, V. (2014). Normative Tensions: European Sanction vs ASEAN's Non-Interference in the Case of Myanmar. Jurnal Hubungan Internasional UMY, 3(2), 167-180.

Rosenbarger, A., Gingold, B., Prasodjo, R., Alisjahbana, A., Putraditama, A., & Tresya, D. (n.d.). How to Change Legal Land Use Classification to Support More Sustainable Palm Oil in Indonesia. Retrieved from World Resource Institute: https://www.wri.org/sites/default/files/how_to_change_legal_land_use_classifications_to_support_sustainable_palm_oil.pdf

Shouqiu, C., & Voigts, M. (1993). The Development of China's Environmental Diplomacy. Pacific Rim & Law Journal, 19-42.

Smith, S. (2010). Introduction: Diversity and Disciplinarity in International Relations Theory. In T. Dunne, M. Kurki, & S. Smith, International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity (pp. 1-14). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Sugardiman, R. A. (2019, March 1). The EU-Indonesia Palm Oil Dispute. (V. Robertua, Interviewer)

Surur, M. R. (2018). Pengaruh Implementasi Rencana Aksi EU FLEGT-VPA terhadap Tata Kelola Hutan Indonesia (2014-2016). Jurnal Analisis Hubungan Internasional, 96-112.

The European Union. (2017). Consumption of Energy. Retrieved April 9, 2019, from Eurostat: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Archive:Consumption_of_energy

The Jakarta Post. (2018, December 6). EU tells RI to review ISPO certification. Retrieved from The Jakarta Post: https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/12/06/eu-tells-ri-review-ispo-certification.html

The Jakarta Post. (2019, April 15). Indonesia threatens to challenge EU at WTO in palm oil feud. Retrieved from The Jakarta Post: https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/04/15/indonesia-threatens-to-challenge-eu-at-wto-in-palm-oil-feud.html

Varkkey, H. M. (2011). ASEAN as a thin community: the case against adopting the EU Acid Rain Framework for transboundary haze management in Southeast Asia. Malaysian Journal of History, Politics & Strategic Studies, 38(2), 1-26.

Wibisono, C. (2015, October 27). Kedaulatan Asap RI. Kompas, p. 7.

Zielonka, J. (2006). Europe as Empire: The Nature of the Enlarged European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Published

2019-08-04

How to Cite

Robertua, V. ,. (2019). ENVIRONMENTAL DIPLOMACY: CASE STUDY OF THE EU-INDONESIA PALM OIL DISPUTE. Mandala: Jurnal Ilmu Hubungan Internasional, 2(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.33822/mjihi.v2i1.917