THE IMPLEMENTATION OF JAPAN-PHILIPPINES MARITIME DIPLOMACY AS PROACTIVE APPROACH TO RESPOND TO THE ASSERTIVE CHINA IN SOUTH CHINA SEA (2012-2017)

Authors

  • Anak Agung Banyu Perwita, Ivena Erwandi President University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33822/mjihi.v1i2.428

Keywords:

South China Sea, China’s assertiveness, maritime diplomacy, Japan-Philippines bilateral relations, proactive approach

Abstract

Nowadays, the South China Sea has been identified with increasing defense spending and military modernization of the neighboring countries which are driven by China’s assertiveness in the region. China’s assertive behavior in the South China Sea is an expression of its growing ambition over the region which is part of its core interests. China’s assertiveness is buoyed by its significant military presence and power projection in the region. Japan and the Philippines are having converging threat perceptions towards China’s assertiveness in the South China Sea as well as sharing common interests to balance the assertive China. Contested with China’s assertive behavior, since 2012, Japan and the Philippines have been conducting dynamic maritime diplomacy in order to safeguard the status quo of the sea from the assertive China. The implementation of Japan-Philippines maritime diplomacy in responding to China’s assertiveness in South China Sea is a form of “proactive approach” by Japan, following the “Proactive Contribution to Peace” banner resounded under Prime Minister Shinzo Abe administration. The proactive approach in this research features the concept of “balance of power” and “cooperative maritime diplomacy”.

Author Biography

Anak Agung Banyu Perwita, Ivena Erwandi, President University

Guru Besar Hubungan Internasionl

References

Al Jazeera. (2016, September 8). Beijing's South China Sea claims scrutinised at summit. Dipetik October 14, 2017, dari Al Jazeera News and Agency: http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/09/south-china-sea-row-overshadows-asean-summit-160907051502873.html

Bender, J. (2015, August 10). China wants to build giant floating islands in the South China Sea. Dipetik December 18, 2017, dari Business Insider: http://www.businessinsider.com/china-to-build-giant-floating-islands-2015-8/?IR=T

Center for Strategic and International Studies. (2016, March 11). Tensions in the South China Sea explained in 18 maps. Dipetik September 30, 2017, dari Business Insider: http://www.businessinsider.com/tensions-in-the-south-china-sea-explained-in-18-maps-2015-1/?IR=T/#1a-political-map-1

Cronin, P. M. (2013). The Strategic Significance of the South China Sea. Managing Tensions in the South China Sea. Center for Strategic & International Studies.

Cruz De Castro, R. (2015, June 10). PRESIDENT AQUINO’S VISIT TO TOKYO BOOSTS PHILIPPINE-JAPAN PARTNERSHIP IN MARITIME SECURITY. Dipetik January 25, 2018, dari Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative: https://amti.csis.org/president-aquinos-visit-to-tokyo-boosts-philippine-japan-partnership-in-maritime-security/

Cruz de Castro, R. (2016a). The Duterte Administration’s Foreign Policy: Unravelling the Aquino Administration’s Balancing Agenda on an Emergent China. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs. Dipetik December 6, 2017, dari nal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs: http://nbn-resolving.org/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:gbv:18-4-10136

Cruz de Castro, R. (2016b, October 19). President Duterte Maintains Philippine-Japanese Partnershp as He "Pivots" to China. Dipetik January 25, 2018, dari Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative: https://amti.csis.org/president-duterte-maintains-philippine-japanese-partnership-pivots-china/

Cruz de Castro, R. (2017a, April). 21st Century Japan-Philippines Strategic Partnership: Constraining China's Expansion in the South China Sea. Asian Affairs: An American Review, 44(2), 31-51. doi:10.1080/00927678.2017.1296743

Department of National Defense Philippines. (2015). Quest for Peace. Philippine Defense Newsletter, 5(1). Dipetik January 25, 2018, dari Department of National Defense Philippines: http://dnd.gov.ph/pdf/PDN/PDN%20Volume%205%20Issue%201%202015.pdf

Dingli, S., Economy, E., Haass, R., Kurlantzick, J., Smith, S. A., & Tay, S. (2016). China's Maritime Dispute. Dipetik January 2, 2018, dari Council on Foreign Relations: https://www.cfr.org/interactives/chinas-maritime-disputes#!/

Dominguez, G., & Mazumdaru, S. (2015, December 18). Are South China Sea tensions triggering an arm race? Dipetik October 4, 2017, dari Deutsche Welle: http://www.dw.com/en/are-south-china-sea-tensions-triggering-an-arms-race/a-18927467

Drifte, R. (2016). Japan's Policy towards the South China Sea - Applying "Proactive Peace Diplomacy"? Frankfurt am Main: Peace Research Institute Frankfurt. Dipetik December 2, 2017, dari https://www.hsfk.de/fileadmin/HSFK/hsfk_publikationen/prif140.pdf

Gilsinan, K. (2015, September 25). Cliché of the Moment: ‘China’s Increasing Assertiveness’. Dipetik October 14, 2017, dari The Atlantic: https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/09/south-china-sea-assertiveness/407203/

Hornung, J. W. (2015, October 27). Gauging Japan's 'Proactive Contributions to Peace'. Dipetik January 25, 2018, dari The Diplomat: https://thediplomat.com/2015/10/gauging-japans-proactive-contributions-to-peace/

IHS. (2016, June 1). Growing Tensions Around South China Sea to Drive Defence Spending in APAC. Dipetik October 3, 2017, dari IHS Markit: http://news.ihsmarkit.com/press-release/aerospace-defense-security/growing-tensions-around-south-china-sea-drive-defence-spend

JICA. (2013, December 16). Signing of Japanese ODA Loan Agreement with the Republic of the Philippines. Dipetik January 25, 2018, dari JICA: https://www.jica.go.jp/english/news/press/2013/131216_01.html

JICA. (2016, October 26). Signing of Japanese ODA Loan Agreement with the Republic of the Philippines: Further strengthening the maritime safety capability of the Philippine Coast Guard. Dipetik January 25, 2018, dari JICA: https://www.jica.go.jp/english/news/press/2016/161026_01.html

Kelly, T., & Kubo, N. (2017, August 11). Japan said to offer chopper parts to Philippines as counter to China. Dipetik January 25, 2018, dari Japan Times: https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/08/11/national/politics-diplomacy/japan-said-offer-chopper-parts-philippines-counter-china/#.Wmy4cKiWbIV

Mière, C. L. (2014). Maritime Diplomacy in the 21st Century. New York: Routledge.

Ministry of Defense of Japan. (2012). STATEMENT OF INTENT ON DEFENSE COOPERATION AND EXCHANGES BETWEEN DND OF PHILIPPINES AND MOD OF JAPAN. Dipetik January 25, 2018, dari Ministry of Defense of Japan: http://www.mod.go.jp/j/press/youjin/2012/07/02_st_e.pdf

Ministry of Defense of Japan. (2015a, January 29). Joint Press Release. Dipetik January 25, 2018, dari Ministry of Defense of Japan: http://www.mod.go.jp/j/press/youjin/2015/01/29a_jpr_e.pdf

Ministry of Defense of Japan. (2015b, January 29). MEMORANDUM ON DEFENSE COOPERATION AND EXCHANGES BETWEEN THE MOD OF JAPAN AND THE DND OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES. Dipetik January 25, 2018, dari Ministry of Defense of Japan: http://www.mod.go.jp/j/press/youjin/2015/01/29a_memo_e.pdf

Ministry of Defense of Japan. (2015c, May 12). Press Conference by the Defense Minister Nakatani (08:45-09:02 A.M. May 12, 2015). Dipetik January 25, 2018, dari Ministry of Defense of Japan: http://www.mod.go.jp/e/press/conference/2015/05/12.html

Ministry of Defense of Japan. (2017a). A Strategic analysis of the South China Sea territorial issues. Dipetik December 19, 2017, dari Japanese Ministry of Defense: http://www.mod.go.jp/msdf/navcol/SSG/topics-column/images/t-049/049-02.pdf

Ministry of Defense of Japan. (2017b). Defence White Paper 2017. Dipetik Deecember 6, 2017, dari Ministry of Defense: http://www.mod.go.jp/e/publ/w_paper/2017.html

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (2013, July 23). Japan-Philippines Summit Meeting. Dipetik November 11, 2017, dari Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan: http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/page6e_000121.html

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (2015, June 4). Japan-Philippines Joint Declaration: A Strengthened Strategic Partnership for Advancing the Shared Principles and Goals of Peace, Security, and Growth in the Region and Beyond. Dipetik January 20, 2018, dari Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan: http://www.mofa.go.jp/s_sa/sea2/ph/page4e_000280.html

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (2016a, October 26). Japan-Philippines Joint Statement. Dipetik January 24, 2018, dari Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan: http://www.mofa.go.jp/files/000198399.pdf

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (2016b, September 6). Japan-Philippines Summit Meeting. Dipetik January 25, 2018, dari Minsitry of Foreign Affairs of Japan: http://www.mofa.go.jp/s_sa/sea2/ph/page3e_000568.html

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (2017, April). Priority Policy Development Cooperation FY2017. Dipetik January 25, 2018, dari Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan: http://www.mofa.go.jp/files/000259285.pdf

Mollman, S. (2016, July 7). The line on a 70-year-old map that threatens to set off a war in East Asia. Dipetik October 2, 2017, dari Quartz: https://qz.com/705223/where-exactly-did-chinas-nine-dash-line-in-the-south-china-sea-come-from/

National Economic and Development Authority Philippines. (2017a). ODA Portfolio Report Review 2016. Dipetik January 25, 2018, dari National Economic and Development Authority Philippines: http://www.neda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ODA-2016-As-of-August-22-2017.pdf

Nirmala, M. (2016). Japan's New ASEAN Diplomacy: Strategic Goals, Patterns, and Potential Limitations under the Abe Administration. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 6(12), 952-957. Dipetik January 25, 2018, dari http://www.ijssh.org/vol6/780-HS0067.pdf

Parameswaran, P. (2017, February 16). What's Next for Japan-Philippines Defense Relations Under Duterte? Dipetik January 25, 2018, dari The Diplomat: https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/whats-next-for-japan-philippines-defense-relations-under-duterte/

Permanent Court of Arbitration. (2016, July 12). Award in the South China Sea Arbitration (The Republic of the Philippines v. the People's Republic of China). Dipetik January 15, 2018, dari Permanent Court of Arbitration: https://pca-cpa.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/175/2016/07/PH-CN-20160712-Award.pdf

Shoji, T. (2014). The South China Sea: A View from Japan. Dipetik November 8, 2017, dari National Institute for Defense Studies - Ministry of Defense: http://www.nids.mod.go.jp/english/publication/kiyo/pdf/2014/bulletin_e2014_7.pdf

Silver, L. (2017, October 16). How people in Asia-Pacific view China. Dipetik January 17, 2018, dari Pew Research Center: http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/10/16/how-people-in-asia-pacific-view-china/

Simon, S. (2015, September). US-Southeast Asia Relations: Courting Partners. Comparative Connections, 16(2), 53-64. Dipetik January 25, 2018, dari CSIS: https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/publication/1502qus_seasia.pdf

Sokolsky, R., Rabasa, A., & Neu, C. R. (2001). The Role of Southeast Asia in U.S. Strategy Toward China. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation. Diambil kembali dari https://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1170.html

The Global Firepower. (2017). 2017 Military Strength Ranking. Dipetik January 2, 2018, dari The Global Firepower: https://www.globalfirepower.com/countries-listing.asp

Trajano, J. C. (2013, August 5). Japan-Philippines Strategic Partnership: Converging Threat Perception. Dipetik November 11, 2017, dari RSIS Nanyang Technological University: https://www.rsis.edu.sg/rsis-publication/rsis/2034-japan-philippines-strategic-pa/#.WgcwgmiCzIU

Turcsányi, R. Q. (2017). Chinese Assertiveness in the South China Sea. Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Vice, M. (2017, August 23). In global popularity contest, U.S. and China – not Russia – vie for first. Dipetik February 20, 2018, dari Pew Research Center: http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/23/in-global-popularity-contest-u-s-and-china-not-russia-vie-for-first/

Zhou, W. (2015, June). China's growing assertiveness in the South China Sea. Dipetik October 28, 2017, dari Elcano Royal Institute: http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano_en/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/elcano/elcano_in/zonas_in/asia-pacific/ari60-2015-chinas-growing-assertiveness-in-the-south-china-sea

Published

2019-02-10

How to Cite

Ivena Erwandi, A. A. B. P. (2019). THE IMPLEMENTATION OF JAPAN-PHILIPPINES MARITIME DIPLOMACY AS PROACTIVE APPROACH TO RESPOND TO THE ASSERTIVE CHINA IN SOUTH CHINA SEA (2012-2017). Mandala: Jurnal Ilmu Hubungan Internasional, 1(2), 174–193. https://doi.org/10.33822/mjihi.v1i2.428