Keywords
Pharmacoepidemiology
risk factors
comorbidities
inhalation therapy
Categories
How to Cite
Abstract
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive chronic disease associated with high global morbidity and mortality. A pharmacoepidemiological approach is essential to understand risk determinants, comorbidities, patterns, and the rational use of medications in patient populations. A literature review was conducted on 11 observational studies comprising cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional designs. The included studies evaluated COPD risk factors, comorbidities, therapeutic effectiveness, and medication use patterns. COPD is influenced by multifactorial determinants including occupational exposure, smoking behavior, and metabolic conditions such as hyperlipidemia. Comorbidities including depression, malnutrition, and cardiovascular diseases contribute to increased exacerbation rates and mortality. Triple inhalation therapy (ICS/LAMA/LABA) reduced mortality compared with dual therapy. However, inappropriate antibiotic dosing and Drug-Related Problems (DRPs) were still identified. COPD is a complex chronic disease requiring a multidimensional approach through risk factor control, comorbidity management, and optimization of evidence-based pharmacotherapy within the framework of public health pharmacy.
References
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Copyright (c) 2026 Nafeeza Shaqueenami Nasution, Bawana Kheyza Dg Situru, Nisyah Mora Lestari, Nabila Bintan Ramadhani, Talitha Nur Dzakirah, Wafa Nasution