Complementary Feeding and Stunting Incidence in Toddlers - Literature Review

Abstract

Stunting remains a critical global nutritional challenge, reflecting linear growth failure due to chronic malnutrition. The first 1,000 days of life constitute a vital "golden period" where complementary feeding quality significantly determines nutritional outcomes. This study aims to review scientific evidence regarding the relationship between complementary feeding practices, specifically Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD) and Minimum Meal Frequency (MMF) and stunting incidence in toddlers.  A systematic literature review was conducted using Google Scholar, Garuda, and ScienceDirect databases. Using the PICO framework and the inclusion criteria consisting of cross-sectional, experimental, and cohort studies in 2020 - 2024. The review reveals that poor dietary diversity is a significant determinant of stunting, with one study showing children with inadequate MDD are 2.91 times more likely to be stunted (AOR: 2.91; p=0.017). The stability of diet quality over time is crucial, as unstable feeding patterns are closely linked to linear growth faltering. Furthermore, integrated interventions combining Specialized Nutritious Foods (SNF) with Social and Behavior Change Communication (SBCC) have proven effective. External factors, such as the consumption of wild food biodiversity, also serve as critical nutritional buffers during hunger season. Stunting is a multidimensional issue requiring systemic interventions that prioritize the quality and diversity of complementary feeding. Effective prevention strategies must integrate clinical nutritional support with community-based behavior change empowerment and the adoption of updated global standards to ensure optimal growth during the critical early years.